Is CBD Legal in Europe? The 2025 EU Laws & Country-by-Country CBD Guide

Is CBD legal in Europe in 2025? The answer depends on where you are. While the EU has made strides toward a unified approach—especially through novel food rules and the updated THC limits for hemp—each member state continues to enforce its own CBD regulations. This makes compliance tricky, but also opens up new opportunities for businesses able to navigate the patchwork of laws.

Let’s explore how the EU and its members are regulating CBD in 2025—starting with public attitudes, legal classification, and the rise of CBD as a wellness product.

The Shift Towards CBD Acceptance and Legal Challenges

CBD’s path to acceptance in Europe has been shaped by both scientific research and changing public opinion. While cannabis and its derivatives were once classified uniformly as narcotics, greater understanding of cannabinoids—particularly cannabidiol (CBD)—has shown that these compounds can offer therapeutic and wellness benefits without psychoactive effects.

This shift in perception led many countries to reclassify CBD, moving it out of narcotic frameworks and into the realm of wellness, food, and cosmetic products. However, legal acceptance has not been linear. CBD’s popularity sparked regulatory scrutiny, especially over product safety, sourcing, and the presence of THC, the intoxicating component of cannabis.

In the EU, the novel food regulation became a key legal hurdle. Because CBD was not widely consumed before May 15, 1997, it is considered “novel” and must undergo safety evaluations before approval for sale in food supplements. The result? A regulatory bottleneck that created confusion among producers, retailers, and consumers alike.

At the same time, countries have responded differently to this uncertainty. While some allowed CBD products under specific conditions, others banned oral or flower-based CBD entirely. The CBD market across Europe remains vibrant—but fragmented.

How do the specific regulations impact my CBD business?

f you're planning to start or expand a CBD business in Europe, understanding local laws isn’t optional—it’s essential. Even though CBD is widely accepted as a wellness product, the legal definition of what qualifies as a compliant product varies significantly between EU countries. This means that your business strategy must be shaped by both EU-level guidelines and national enforcement practices.

In most cases, CBD is classified either as a cosmetic, food supplement, or pharmaceutical, depending on the product type and its intended use. Each category has different legal and regulatory implications:

• Cosmetics: Allowed in most EU countries if the CBD is derived from hemp, THC-free, and listed in the CosIng database.
• Food Supplements: Must go through the novel food application process with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) before entering the market. Some countries enforce this strictly, while others tolerate products awaiting approval.
• Medicinal CBD: Requires formal marketing authorization, available only to licensed pharmaceutical companies.

Whether you're launching a white-label CBD oil, producing full-spectrum extracts, or selling CBD-infused cosmetics, you need to navigate each country’s specific compliance rules. For example, some jurisdictions only permit THC-free CBD isolate, while others accept full-spectrum extracts with up to 0.3% THC or higher under local exceptions.

International sales introduce even more complexity. You’ll need to comply with both export rules in your country and import regulations in the destination country. Missteps here can lead to seized shipments, regulatory fines, or bans.

The good news? The EU’s regulatory trend in 2025 is leaning toward harmonization, which means the long-term outlook for cross-border CBD business is positive—especially for companies that invest early in compliance and quality assurance.

Is CBD completely legal in the entire European Union?

The short answer is: no—CBD is not completely legal in the same way across all EU countries. While the European Union sets certain regulatory baselines, such as the THC limit of 0.3% for hemp and the classification of CBD as a novel food or cosmetic, the actual enforcement of these rules is up to individual member states.

Some countries, like Germany, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands, have developed frameworks that support a wide range of CBD products—from full-spectrum oils to CBD edibles and cosmetics. Others, like Sweden or Italy, enforce stricter limitations, often restricting sales to THC-free isolate or banning CBD in certain product forms like flowers or oral tinctures.

This fragmented legal landscape means that CBD may be:

• Freely sold as a cosmetic or supplement in one country,
• Banned from oral consumption in another,
• Or only available via prescription under pharmaceutical law.

This patchwork of regulations creates confusion for both consumers and companies—particularly those engaged in cross-border e-commerce or white-label CBD manufacturing. In practice, the legality of your product may come down to details such as THC content, extraction method, and whether the product is labeled as a food, supplement, or cosmetic.

Still, there is reason for optimism. As of 2025, more countries are aligning their national policies with EU recommendations and CJEU rulings. The gradual implementation of EFSA-approved novel food applications and recognition of non-narcotic CBD provide a pathway toward clearer, unified standards.

Until then, any business operating in the CBD space should conduct a country-by-country legal review before launching or distributing products.

2021–2025 Updates: Key Milestones in EU CBD Regulation

2021: CosIng Opens the Door to CBD in Cosmetics

In February 2021, the European Commission officially listed Cannabidiol (CBD) in the CosIng database, allowing naturally derived CBD to be used in cosmetics across the EU. This was a turning point for the CBD skincare and wellness sector, as it clarified that non-synthetic CBD—when THC-free and properly sourced—could be safely incorporated into topical products.

2022: EFSA Puts Novel Food Approvals on Hold

By mid-2022, 19 applications had been submitted to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for CBD products to be classified as novel food. However, EFSA paused all evaluations, citing the need for more safety data on CBD’s long-term effects on humans. This created uncertainty, but not a rejection—EFSA clarified that the pause was procedural, not based on safety concerns.

2023: New EU CAP Raises THC Limit for Hemp

With the 2023 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, the allowable THC threshold in hemp cultivation rose from 0.2% to 0.3%, aligning with international norms and encouraging EU hemp farming. The new CAP also offered subsidies for eco-friendly hemp farming, provided THC levels remained under the threshold. However, individual countries still retain the right to set lower national limits.

2024–2025: Momentum Builds Toward Harmonization

In late 2024 and early 2025, the EFSA resumed the evaluation of novel food applications and began granting the first approvals for CBD supplements. This has given manufacturers clearer guidance and the ability to plan future product development in line with EU standards.

Meanwhile, some countries, such as Italy, France, and Germany, have updated national laws to reflect the EU THC threshold and allow for broader product ranges—including full-spectrum oils, edibles, and beverages. However, others still impose stricter rules or bans, particularly on CBD flower.

Lastly, sustainability has become a key focus. Under the CAP, more hemp farmers now qualify for EU subsidies if their practices are eco-certified—promoting local sourcing and reducing reliance on CBD imports.

Country-by-country Guide

Austria - YES, with a prescription

CBD is legal in Austria, but only under limited conditions. Products with less than 0.3% THC can be sold, but not as food, supplements, or medicine. Most products are labeled as "aroma" or "technical" items, marked not for consumption to stay compliant.

• Hemp Cultivation: Legal for industrial purposes under 0.3% THC. Farmers need proper licensing.
• CBD Flowers: Legally ambiguous; often restricted due to classification under tobacco monopoly. Legal challenges ongoing.
• CBD Products: Oils and cosmetics are available but must not be labeled for ingestion. No health claims allowed.
• Medical Cannabis: Allowed via prescription in pharmaceutical form. Flowers prohibited.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Personal possession may result in fines, not imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: Common in stores and online, but labeling must avoid medical or nutritional claims.

Austria follows EU standards but enforces stricter product classification rules, so businesses must carefully navigate labeling and distribution laws.

 

Belgium - Yes, with a prescription

CBD remains in a legal gray area in Belgium. While not classified as a narcotic, its sale and marketing are subject to strict regulations.

• Hemp Cultivation: Legal for industrial purposes with permits. Personal cultivation not allowed.
• CBD Flowers: Freely sold and consumed despite unclear legal status. Enforcement is minimal.
• CBD Products: Cosmetics are legal. Oils and edibles are technically not approved but sold under "not for consumption" labels.
• Medical Cannabis: Permitted for specific conditions; limited prescription-based availability.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized in small amounts for adults. Cultivation and sale remain illegal.
• Consumer Access: Products widely accessible in shops and online under tolerated frameworks.

Businesses must ensure compliance with labeling and marketing regulations to avoid legal issues. As EU regulations evolve, Belgium may adjust its stance, potentially creating more opportunities for CBD entrepreneurs and consumers.

 

Bulgaria - Yes

CBD is fully legal in Bulgaria when derived from industrial hemp containing less than 0.2% THC. The country was the first in the EU to officially authorize the open sale of CBD products, classifying them as food supplements and cosmetics rather than novel foods.

• Hemp Cultivation: Legal with license. Used for fiber, food, and cannabinoid extraction.
• CBD Flowers: Sold in some shops; less regulated than in many EU countries.
• CBD Products: Oils, supplements, and cosmetics are openly sold and considered legal food items.
• Medical Cannabis: Not permitted. No prescriptions or legal distribution of cannabis-based medicine.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses.
• Consumer Access: Broad access without prescription, with clear legal support for compliant products.

Bulgaria's clear regulatory framework supports a growing CBD market, offering opportunities for businesses and consumers alike, as long as they adhere to the established guidelines.

 

Croatia - Yes

CBD is legal in Croatia when derived from industrial hemp containing less than 0.2% THC. The country permits the sale and use of CBD products that meet this criterion.

• Hemp Cultivation: Legal with government approval. THC content must remain below 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: Available in shops but not specifically regulated. Tolerated when under THC limit.
• CBD Products: Oils, supplements, and cosmetics are widely sold both domestically and online.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal with prescription since 2015. Available for select conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized for personal use. Possession punished with fines.
• Consumer Access: Easy access to a wide range of products within EU THC limits.

Croatia's clear regulatory framework supports a growing CBD market, offering opportunities for businesses and consumers alike, as long as they adhere to the established guidelines.

 

Cyprus - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD is legal in Cyprus if it is derived from industrial hemp and contains less than 0.2% THC at every stage of production. However, the legal environment remains complicated, with occasional enforcement actions creating uncertainty for both businesses and consumers.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted with a license for industrial purposes. THC content must remain below 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: Not clearly regulated; sales exist but are legally ambiguous and may be subject to enforcement.
• CBD Products: Oils, cosmetics, and supplements are available in physical and online shops. Products must meet safety and labeling standards.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal for approved conditions. Access has expanded since 2019 to include patients beyond cancer cases.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses and may lead to fines or imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: Widely available without a prescription, though crackdowns on certain product types (e.g., edibles) have occurred.

The Cypriot CBD market operates within EU norms but requires careful navigation due to evolving enforcement patterns and product-specific scrutiny.

 

Czech Republic/Czechia - Yes

CBD is legal in the Czech Republic, with a THC limit of 0.3%, and is set to be regulated under the new Psychomodulatory Substances Law (PML) starting July 2025. This law will allow the sale of low-THC cannabis products (up to 1% THC) in specialized stores, marking a significant step toward broader cannabis reform.

• Hemp Cultivation: Legal for industrial purposes with THC content up to 1%. Cultivation over 100 m² must be reported to customs authorities.
• CBD Flowers: Legal and widely available, provided they contain less than 0.3% THC. Sales are expected to continue under the new PML framework.
• CBD Products: Oils, tinctures, and cosmetics are commonly sold. However, ingestible CBD products face stricter regulations and may require novel food authorization.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal since 2013. As of April 2025, general practitioners can prescribe medical cannabis for chronic pain and other conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of up to 10 grams or cultivation of up to 5 plants results in a fine rather than criminal charges.
• Consumer Access: CBD products are widely accessible in stores and online. The upcoming PML regulations aim to provide clearer guidelines for sales and distribution.

The Czech Republic's progressive stance on cannabis and CBD positions it as a leading market in Europe, balancing consumer access with regulatory oversight.

Denmark - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD is legal in Denmark when derived from industrial hemp containing less than 0.2% THC. However, the regulatory environment is nuanced, with distinctions between food supplements and medicinal products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted under license for industrial purposes. Farmers must comply with THC content regulations.
• CBD Flowers: Legally ambiguous. While not explicitly banned, their sale is not clearly regulated, leading to a gray market.
• CBD Products: Oils, cosmetics, and supplements are available in stores and online. Products must meet quality and labeling standards, and those making medicinal claims may require authorization as medicines.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under the Medicinal Cannabis Pilot Programme, which has been made permanent effective January 1, 2026. Doctors can prescribe cannabis-based medicines for specific conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use of cannabis are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products are accessible without a prescription, provided they comply with the legal THC limit and labeling requirements.

Denmark's regulatory framework supports a growing CBD market, but businesses and consumers must navigate the complex legal landscape carefully.

 

Estonia - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD is legal in Estonia when derived from industrial hemp containing less than 0.3% THC. However, the regulatory environment imposes specific restrictions on the sale and marketing of CBD products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes under EU regulations. Farmers must ensure THC content remains below 0.3%.
• CBD Flowers: Legally ambiguous. While not explicitly banned, their sale is not clearly regulated, leading to a gray market.
• CBD Products: CBD oils, capsules, and other ingestible products are considered unauthorized novel foods and cannot be marketed for internal consumption. Cosmetic products containing CBD are allowed, provided they do not contain hemp flowers or extracts derived from them.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict regulation. Access requires a special permit, and products are available through authorized channels.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized for possession of up to 7.5 grams, punishable by a fine. Possession of larger amounts or intent to distribute remains illegal.
• Consumer Access: CBD products are available, but consumers should be aware of the restrictions on ingestible forms and ensure products comply with local regulations.

Estonia's regulatory framework allows for the presence of CBD products in the market, but businesses and consumers must navigate the specific restrictions, particularly concerning ingestible products and marketing claims.

 

Finland - Yes, with a doctor's prescription

CBD is classified as a prescription-only medicine in Finland, regulated by the Finnish Medicines Agency (Fimea). This means that any CBD-containing product intended for human consumption requires a doctor's prescription. Over-the-counter sales of CBD products are not permitted.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes under EU regulations. Farmers must ensure THC content remains below 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: Not legally available. The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: All CBD products intended for human consumption are considered medicines and require a prescription. Importing such products without proper authorization is illegal. Cosmetic products containing CBD may be allowed if they meet specific regulatory requirements.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict regulation. Access requires a special permit, and products are available through authorized channels.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use of cannabis are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products are only accessible with a doctor's prescription. Importing CBD products for personal use is subject to strict regulations and may be prohibited without proper authorization.

Finland's regulatory framework classifies CBD as a medicinal product, necessitating a prescription for legal access. Consumers and businesses must navigate these stringent regulations to ensure compliance.

 

France - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD is legal in France when derived from industrial hemp containing less than 0.3% THC. This threshold was increased from 0.2% in 2023 to align with EU regulations. However, the sale of CBD-rich hemp flowers remains prohibited.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for authorized varieties of Cannabis sativa L. with THC content below 0.3%.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited for sale and consumption, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: Legal if derived from authorized hemp varieties and containing less than 0.3% THC. Products must comply with EU Novel Food regulations, and no health claims are permitted without authorization.
• Medical Cannabis: A pilot program initiated in 2021 has been extended through July 2025, with plans to implement a fully regulated medical cannabis framework thereafter.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, though possession of small amounts may result in a fine.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are widely available in stores and online. Importing CBD products is allowed under strict conditions, including compliance with THC limits and proper documentation.

France's regulatory framework for CBD has evolved to align with EU standards, allowing for the sale of compliant CBD products while maintaining restrictions on certain forms like hemp flowers.

 

Germany - Yes

Germany has established a comprehensive legal framework for cannabis and CBD products, distinguishing between recreational use, medical applications, and industrial hemp-derived products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted using EU-certified seeds with THC content below 0.2%. Cultivation must comply with federal regulations and is subject to oversight by agricultural authorities.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. However, ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation and are not yet approved for the market.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal since 2017. Patients with qualifying conditions can obtain medical cannabis through a prescription from a licensed physician, with products dispensed at pharmacies.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized as of April 1, 2024. Adults aged 18 and over may possess up to 25 grams of cannabis in public and cultivate up to three plants for personal use. Consumption is restricted in certain public areas, and unauthorized sale remains illegal.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are widely available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Germany's regulatory approach balances consumer access with strict quality and safety standards, positioning the country as a leading market for CBD products in Europe.

 

Greece - Yes

CBD products are legal in Greece, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.2% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes under strict licensing. Farmers must use EU-certified seeds and ensure THC content remains below 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: Available for sale if the THC content is under 0.2%.
• CBD Products: CBD oils, cosmetics, and topicals are legal and widely available. Ingestible CBD products, such as food supplements, fall under the EU Novel Food Regulation and require authorization before being marketed.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal since 2017. Patients with qualifying conditions can access medical cannabis products through licensed pharmacies with a doctor's prescription.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, though possession of small amounts may result in a fine.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are widely available in pharmacies, health stores, and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Greece's regulatory framework allows for the sale and use of CBD products under specific conditions, aligning with EU standards.

 

Hungary - Yes (with restrictions)

In Hungary, CBD products are legal under specific conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, provided the THC content does not exceed 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. However, ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation and are not yet approved for the market.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal in theory, but access is highly restricted. Only specific cannabis-based medications, like Sativex, are authorized, and prescriptions are rarely issued.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Hungarian law does not differentiate between types of illicit drugs, and possession of cannabis can lead to severe penalties, including imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Hungary's regulatory framework for CBD is stringent, with clear distinctions between permissible products and those requiring further authorization.

 

Ireland - Yes (with restrictions)

In Ireland, CBD products are legal under stringent conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted under license from the Department of Health. Cultivation is restricted to EU-certified hemp varieties with THC content below 0.3%. However, the processing or sale of hemp flowers and leaves is prohibited; these parts must be destroyed upon harvest.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain no detectable THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation and are not yet approved for the market.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under the Medical Cannabis Access Programme (MCAP) for specific conditions like multiple sclerosis, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and treatment-resistant epilepsy. Access requires a prescription from a specialist consultant.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products contain no detectable THC and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Ireland's regulatory framework for CBD is stringent, with clear distinctions between permissible products and those requiring further authorization.

 

Italy - No (except by prescription)

As of April 2025, Italy has enacted stringent regulations classifying cannabidiol (CBD) as a narcotic substance. This reclassification has led to the prohibition of most CBD products, with exceptions only for those prescribed as pharmaceutical medications.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted under strict regulations for industrial purposes such as fiber and seed production. Cultivation intended for CBD extraction is effectively banned.
• CBD Flowers: Banned. The cultivation, sale, and possession of hemp flowers, regardless of THC content, are prohibited.
• CBD Products: All oral CBD products, including oils and supplements, are banned unless prescribed. Topical CBD products may still be available under cosmetic regulations, but their legal status is uncertain.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: Restricted to prescription-based pharmaceutical CBD products. Over-the-counter sales are prohibited.

These regulatory changes have significantly impacted Italy's hemp industry, leading to economic challenges and legal uncertainties.

 

Latvia - Yes

CBD products are legal in Latvia, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.2% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Latvia's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Lithuania - Yes

CBD products are legal in Lithuania, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.2% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Lithuania's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Luxembourg - Yes

CBD products are legal in Luxembourg, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.3% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.3%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.3% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Luxembourg's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Malta - Yes, with a prescription

In Malta, CBD products are legal under specific conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Malta's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

The Netherlands - Yes (with nuances)

The Netherlands has long been recognized for its liberal stance on cannabis, with a well-established network of licensed coffeeshops permitted to sell cannabis products. However, the legal framework surrounding CBD products presents certain complexities.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.05% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

The Netherlands' regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Poland - Yes

CBD products are legal in Poland, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.3% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.3%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.3% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Poland's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Portugal - Yes, with a prescription

In Portugal, CBD products are legal but are classified as medicinal products, requiring a doctor's prescription for acquisition.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Portugal's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Romania - Yes

CBD products are legal in Romania, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.2% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Romania's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Slovakia - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD products are legal in Slovakia under specific conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%. However, cultivation for the purpose of producing CBD extracts is prohibited.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal. Slovakia does not have a medical cannabis program, and the use of cannabis-based medications is prohibited.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Slovakia's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Slovenia - Yes

CBD products are legal in Slovenia, provided they are derived from industrial hemp and contain less than 0.2% THC.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Slovenia's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Spain - Yes (with restrictions)

Spain permits the sale and use of CBD products under specific conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.3%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 0.2% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Decriminalized. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Spain's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

 

Sweden - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD products are legal in Sweden under strict conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and classification as medicinal products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%. However, the production of CBD oil from hemp is prohibited without specific authorization.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain no detectable THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation and approval from the Swedish Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket).
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in licensed pharmacies. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Sweden's regulatory framework for CBD is among the strictest in the EU, allowing only THC-free products classified as medicines.

Other non-EU countries

 

United Kingdom - Yes

CBD products are legal in the UK, provided they adhere to specific regulations concerning THC content and product classification.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted under license for industrial purposes using EU-approved seeds. Cultivation for CBD extraction requires authorization.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils, cosmetics, and other products are legal if they contain less than 1 mg of THC per container and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the UK's Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

The UK's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with evolving standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

Iceland - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD products are legal in Iceland under strict conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and classification as medicinal products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain no detectable THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in pharmacies and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Iceland's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with EU standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

Switzerland - Yes (with restrictions)

Switzerland permits the sale and use of CBD products under specific conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and intended use.

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes using EU-certified seeds, with THC content not exceeding 1%.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are legal if they contain less than 1% THC.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain less than 1% THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the Swiss Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession of small amounts for personal use is subject to fines but not criminal prosecution.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in stores and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Switzerland's regulatory framework for CBD aligns with evolving standards, allowing for the sale and use of compliant products.

Norway - Yes (with restrictions)

CBD products are legal in Norway under strict conditions, primarily concerning their THC content and classification as medicinal products.

• Hemp Cultivation: Prohibited. Cultivation of cannabis, including hemp, is illegal in Norway.
• CBD Flowers: The sale and possession of CBD-rich hemp flowers are prohibited, regardless of THC content.
• CBD Products: CBD oils and cosmetics are legal if they contain no detectable THC and are derived from authorized hemp varieties. Ingestible CBD products, such as supplements and edibles, require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions. Access to cannabis-based medications requires a prescription and is limited to specific medical conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal. Possession and use are criminal offenses, with penalties including fines and imprisonment.
• Consumer Access: CBD products meeting legal requirements are available in pharmacies and online. Consumers should ensure products comply with THC limits and are sourced from authorized hemp varieties.

Norway's regulatory framework for CBD is among the strictest in Europe, allowing only THC-free products classified as medicines.

Other Balkan Countries

🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Products: Illegal. The production, sale, and possession of CBD products are prohibited.
• Medical Cannabis: Not regulated.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇲🇰 North Macedonia – Legal Status: Yes (with restrictions)

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for medical purposes.
• CBD Products: Legal for medical use. Oils containing up to 0.2% THC can be purchased without a prescription; higher THC products require a prescription.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇷🇸 Serbia – Legal Status: Yes (with restrictions)

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes with THC content not exceeding 0.3%.
• CBD Products: Legal. CBD is unrestricted despite previous attempts to schedule it.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇲🇪 Montenegro – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• CBD Products: Illegal. The sale and use of cannabis products, including CBD, are prohibited.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇦🇱 Albania – Legal Status: Yes (with restrictions)

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial and medical purposes.
• CBD Products: Considered medical cannabis; production is allowed for export only.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇽🇰 Kosovo – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes.
• CBD Products: Illegal. The legal framework is ambiguous, but CBD products are generally prohibited.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇲🇩 Moldova – Legal Status: Yes (with restrictions)

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted for industrial purposes.
• CBD Products: Legal if derived from industrial hemp with THC content not exceeding 0.2%.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

Other countries

The legal status of CBD products in these microstates varies, with most maintaining strict regulations or outright prohibitions.

🇱🇮 Liechtenstein – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Prohibited.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited.
• CBD Products: Illegal. The production, sale, and possession of any form of medicinal marijuana products, including CBD, are prohibited.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇦🇩 Andorra – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Prohibited.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited.
• CBD Products: Illegal. CBD is considered a medicine of high complexity and can only be dispensed in hospital pharmacies.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇲🇨 Monaco – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Prohibited.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited.
• CBD Products: Illegal. Both medical and recreational cannabis are illegal in Monaco.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇸🇲 San Marino – Legal Status: Yes (with prescription)

• Hemp Cultivation: Permitted under strict regulations.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited.
• CBD Products: Legal for medical purposes. San Marino has entered the medical cannabis market with its first licensed producer.
• Medical Cannabis: Legal under strict conditions.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

🇻🇦 Vatican City – Legal Status: No

• Hemp Cultivation: Prohibited.
• CBD Flowers: Prohibited.
• CBD Products: Illegal. The production, sale, and possession of any form of medicinal marijuana products are prohibited.
• Medical Cannabis: Illegal.
• Recreational Cannabis: Illegal.

Conclusion

As CBD continues to grow in popularity, Europe has become one of the most dynamic and fragmented markets for hemp-derived products. While the European Union has made steps toward harmonizing CBD laws, especially through Novel Food and cosmetic regulations, each country still sets its own rules—resulting in a complex legal patchwork.

As of 2025, CBD is legal in most European countries, but the requirements vary greatly. Some countries—like Germany, France, and the Netherlands—have progressive frameworks with clear THC limits and defined cosmetic or food use. Others, like Sweden and the UK, only allow THC-free products. And in places such as Italy, Ireland, and Portugal, CBD is often treated as a medicine and only available with a prescription.

Additionally, several non-EU and Balkan nations remain restrictive or ambiguous, and many microstates such as Monaco, Andorra, and the Vatican still prohibit CBD outright.

It's also important to note that rules for hemp cultivation, CBD flower sales, and medical cannabis access differ significantly from one country to another—even within the EU. Some nations allow industrial hemp farming but ban CBD product sales. Others approve only topicals, while food supplements remain under regulatory review.

At Essentia Pura, we monitor these developments closely, but please remember:
👉 This article is for informational purposes only.
👉 CBD laws are evolving constantly, and this guide may become outdated.
👉 We do not guarantee the accuracy of this information at the time of reading.

Still, this resource should serve as a solid foundation for understanding the European CBD landscape in 2025. Whether you're a consumer, distributor, or manufacturer, thorough legal research is essential before entering any national market.

**Last updated in May 2025

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